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His environment was not simply a state of intellectual diversity, but the way it was organized around imperial authority. Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf’s court can be read as an early form of techno-politics. It was a system in which knowledge, instruments, measurement and spectacle are not separate from power, but actively constitute it. From a modern perspective, Rudolf’s intellectual world appears internally contradictory. Astronomy coexisted with astrology, metallurgy with alchemy, mathematical precision with esoteric speculation, in stark contrast to George Bush being surrounded by such people, though. Yet this contradiction is less important than it first seems. In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the boundary between “scientific” and “non-scientific or pseudo-scientific” knowledge was still fluid. What unified these practices was not their epistemic validity in a modern sense, but their shared promise. It was to make aspects of the world knowable, measurable, predictable or transformable. Rudolf’s court was therefore structured around four political verbs that remain recognizably modern. To know, to measure, to transform and to display…